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Morbid Obesity Correction

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What is Obesity

Overweight & Obesity are accumulation of excessive fat due to an imbalance between energy intake (food) and expenditure (activity).

Why should I worry about excessive weight?

Obesity is one of the most deadly & slow killer and involves almost all parts & system of body. Every disease becomes more severe in presence of obesity.

Common complications or diseases due to obesity are:

  • Sleep Apnea
  • Cancer
  • Endocrine System Abnormalities
  • Venous Circulatory Disease – Varicose veins
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Psychological Disturbances – Poor Self Image.
  • Heart Failure
  • Joint Problems – Arthritis , Gout
  • Type II Diabetes Mellitus Gallbladder Diseases
  • Cardiovascular System- Hypertension

Measures Of Obesity

BMI is a tool calculated from persons height and weight , and use to analyze and determine whether he/she is overweight , underweight or is healthy. Body Mass Index is calculated by dividing the weight (in kilograms) of a person by his height in meters squared.

BMI = Weight [kg] / Height [m^2]

Solutions For Obesity

There are several methods available to address morbid obesity :

A. Behaviour or Lifestyle Modification (healthy dieting & exercise)

A few suggested behaviour modifications includes changing eating habits, increasing physical activity, engaging in a outdoor sports and extracurricular activity & setting realistic weight management goals. A moderate exercise for 30-60 min per day is recommended for weight reduction. A nutritionally balanced, low calorie, low fat diet is recommended for weight loss. It should also be high in fiber along with adequate amount of proteins, vitamins and minerals.

Tips for healthy dieting are :

  • Limit intake of refined foods
  • Avoid Junk Foods
  • Increase intake of whole grain cereals
  • Increase intake of fiber
  • Avoid red meats
  • Reduce consumption of simple sugars
  • Increase consumption of green leafy vegetables
  • Prefer whole fruit to juices.

A consistent exercise or activity plan aids in reaching and maintaining an optimal weight loss, as well as helping to:

  • Tone your muscles
  • Increase your energy
  • Tighten loose skin caused by rapid weight loss.
  • Boost your metabolism.
  • Decrease risk of Cardiac Disease.
  • Lower blood pressure.
  • Make you feel better.

B. Drug Treatment

A significant amount of Weight loss can be achieved with the help of certain drugs to be taken under supervision of Physician. As with all drugs there are side effects rendering them unsuitable for some patients. However if a patient is able to tolerate the drugs it may be a useful approach when patient does not want to undergo a surgical procedure or is unfit for surgery.

C. Surgical Option

Surgical Options for the management of Obesity are –

Liposuction

Liposuction is the removal of excess fat deposit from the body through very tiny holes. It is frequently performed to reduce fat in the hips, thighs, abdomen, upper arms and other areas of fat deposits below the skin. The limitation of liposuction is that it can not remove fat deposits in side of your abdominal cavity (Omental, Mesenteric & intestinal fats). So liposuction is beneficial as a weight reduction tool only in those persons where most of the fat is deposited under the skin & subcutaneous tissue. The immediate benefits of liposuction can be both physical and mental. The greatest mental benefit is that the patient gains an incredible boost of self esteem due to greatly improved body image. Liposuction is suitable for moderate obesity (BMI < 35 and preferably without any co-morbidities).

Body Contouring Surgery

Body contouring (combination of liposuction, abdominoplasty & sometime belt lipectomy) are very useful procedures in hanging type of obesity or hanging abdominal pouches, as seen in most of the obese middle aged Indian women, especially after multiple childbirths. Body contouring is also required after major weight loss and is almost like having your clothing (your skin) tailored and resized to fit your new body. Body Contouring Options After extreme Weight Loss.

  • Liposuction Removes remaining fatty tissues from the hips , thighs and abdomen
  • Tummy Tuck removes excess skin and also tightens the abdominal muscles
  • A plastic surgeon can lift and reshape various parts of the body to create smoother, tighter contours like Arm Lift, Thigh Lift and Butt Lift.
  • Breast Lift and Augmentation helps restore natural breast volume and lift the bust line after weight loss.

Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric Surgery either limit the amount of food a patient can take (Restrictive) or reduce the ability of the patient to digest and absorb food (mal-absorptive). A third approach may be the combination of both.

A. Adjustable Gastric Banding (also known as the LAP – BAND )

In this procedure, a hollow band made of silicone rubber is placed around the stomach near its upper end, creating a small pouch and a narrow passage into the rest of the stomach. Though its a simple procedure but long term side effects like chances of erosion of band into the stomach makes this procedure almost obsolete these days.

B. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is the simple, highly effective & most commonly performed bariatric surgery procedure. Capacity of stomach is restricted by converting the stomach into a narrow tubular structure. It generates rapid weight loss by restricting the amount of food that can be eaten without any bypass of the intestines or malabsorption.

C. Duodenal Switch / Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD)

It generates weight loss by restricting the amount of food that can be eaten (partial gastrectomy).

D. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RGB)

This operation is a combination of restrictive and malabsorptive procedure. This procedure is performed is very morbidly obese patients (BMI > 55 or 60).

Recovery & post operative diet schedule after Bariatric surgery

Post Operative diet is divided in to the following phases:

  • 1st week – Clear liquid diet
  • 2nd week – Full liquid diet
  • 3rd week – Pureed diet
  • 4th week – Soft foods, regular diet

After 3-months, one can progress to eating regular foods & proteins become a major part of the diet after surgery. Taking three small meals and three healthy snacks a day. Meals will focus on lean sources of protein, fruits, vegetables and whole grains, along with vitamin and mineral supplements for life, to compensate for the nutrients that are no longer able to absorb through the bypassed parts of the stomach and intestine.

You are advised to visit your doctor on your scheduled follow up or at least every 6-months for the rest of your life after undergoing bariatric surgery.

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